Treatment Glossary

What is Body Contouring?

Body Contouring can be performed after significant weight loss to improve the shape of the tissue that supports the skin and remove excess fat and skin. There are typically four types of body contouring: Lower body lift: to correct sagging of the abdomen, buttocks, groin and outer thighs; Breast lift: to correct sagging, flattened breasts; Arm lift: to correct sagging of the upper arms; Thigh lift: to correct sagging of the inner, outer and mid thigh

How is Body Contouring performed?

Body contouring involves making incisions under general anaesthetic to remove excess skin. The incisions may be extensive and may be performed in one or multiple visits. The shape of the incisions will depend on several factors including the amount of skin to be removed, the customer’s preferences and the views of the physician.

What is a Body Lift?

A complete lower body lift treats sagging buttocks, abdomen, waist, hips and outer thighs in one or more procedures. The procedure may include a circumferential incision around the body to remove skin and fat.

What is a Breast Lift?

This is a procedure to correct sagging breasts. The incision patterns for a breast lift are determined by the amount of skin to be removed. Breast implants can be used to enhance breast shape and size.

What is an Arm Lift?

The arm lift involves an incision extending along the underarm to the back of the upper arm. Additional incisions may be used to remove isolated fat pockets. The results of the arm lift are apparent immediately. Skin quality is also improved by the procedure.

What is a Thigh Lift?

The thigh lift involves making an incision along the inner portion of the thigh, removing fat and tightening tissues. The result is a smoother and more toned thigh.

What are the some of the potential risks and side-effects of Body Contouring?

Unfavorable scarring; bleeding; infection; fluid accumulation; poor wound healing; skin loss; blood clots; numbness or other changes in skin sensation; anaesthetic risks; skin discolouration; asymmetry; recurrent looseness of skin; DVT; cardiac and pulmonary complications; persistent swelling in the legs.

What is Botox?

Botox is the brand name of a toxin produced by a bacterium known as Clostridium botulinum. In 2002, the Food and Drug Administration of the United States permitted the use of this toxin in minimally invasive cosmetic surgery. Botox is usually injected into facial muscles to temporarily relax them and reduce wrinkles in the skin covering the muscles.

How does Botox work?

Botox blocks signals from the nerves to the muscles; the injected muscle is prevented from contracting as forcefully as it did before. This causes the wrinkles on the skin covering the muscles to relax and soften. Botox is most often used on forehead lines, crow’s feet, and frown lines. Wrinkles caused by sun damage and gravity will not respond to Botox. Botox can also stop ailments like blepharospasm (uncontrolled blinking) and strabismus (lazy eye).

How is Botox performed?

Botox is injected into specific facial muscles. The procedure takes a few minutes and generally takes three to six days to take full effect.

How long do the effects of a Botox injection last?

Four to six months. As muscle action returns, the wrinkles re-appear and will need to be re-treated.

What are some of the potential side-effects of Botox?

Side effects are rare but can include: bruising; headaches; eyelid drooping caused by migration of the Botox

Who should not receive Botox injection?

Patients who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have a neurological disease should not use Botox.

What is Breast Augmentation?

Breast Augmentation is a common surgical procedure to enhance the breasts’ size and shape. The procedure is also known as a ‘boob job’, ‘breast implants’, fake breasts’, ‘fake boobs’.

How is a Breast Augmentation performed?

The procedure is performed either under general or local anaesthetic. Breast Augmentation can be performed in several ways: via the crease under the breast; via the nipple; or via the armpit. The surgeon can insert the implant under the breast tissue or behind the breast muscle. After the implants are positioned, the incisions will be closed, the surgeon may attach drainage tubes, the breasts will be bandaged and the patient will be sent home with a protective bra.

How long does the Breast Augmentation procedure take?

1-2 hours

How long does recovery from a Breast Augmentation take?

The surgeon will probably remove the stitches in about one week. No heavy lifting should be undertaken for at least four or five weeks. It may take up to six weeks before the patient can return to sporting activities.

What are some of the potential complications and side-effects of Breast Augmentation?

Soreness and increased sensitivity in the nipple region; bruising; swelling; the formation of scar tissues; sagging of the implants in the breast; symmastia (implants tend toward the middle of the chest; rupture; fluid around the implant.

Will the results of a Breast Augmentation affect cancer screenings?

Breast implants can affect self-examinations and sometimes make it more difficult for mammograms to detect cancerous cells.

What is a Brow Lift?

A Brow Lift is a lifting of the forehead skin involving the removal of underlying muscle and tissue. The procedure gives a more youthful appearance to the upper face because it can correct drooping eyebrows, loose skin and improve facial lines.

What does the Brow Lift procedure involve?

A minimum of 4 small incisions will be made behind the hairline. An endoscope (a thin camera connected to a TV monitor) is then inserted through each incision. This enables the surgeon to see the muscles and tissues beneath the skin. He or she will then remove muscle and tissue to produce the smoother and younger looking forehead. The incisions are closed horizontally to give additional lift to the brow.

How long does a Brow Lift take?

1-2 hours

What is the recovery time from Brow Lift surgery?

Most patients will be able to return to work less than two weeks after the procedure. Exercise and exposure to the sun should be avoided for a month.

What are some of the potential side-effects of Brow Lift surgery?

Numbness; mild swelling.

What is Buccal Fat Removal?

This is a procedure to remove fat pads in the lower cheeks.

How is Buccal Fat Removal performed?

The surgeon will make an incision between the cheek and gums towards the back of the mouth to expose the fibers of the cheek muscle. The surgeon will then use his or her fingers to apply pressure to the patient’s cheek to force the buccal fat to protrude through the incision. He or she will then "tease" the fat out with forceps before closing the incisions with stitches.

How long does the Buccal Fat Removal procedure take?

1 to 1.5 hours

How long does recovery from Buccal Fat Removal take?

Most people will fully recover within 3 weeks. The patient will need to take it easy for 7-14 days and avoid contact sports for at least 6-8 weeks.

What are some of the potential side-effects of Buccal Fat Removal?

Bruising; swelling.

What is Buttock Augmentation?

There are two types of buttock augmentation: the lifting of the buttocks; and the surgical enlargement of the buttocks through the insertion of a moulded synthetic implant or through the use of injectable substances.

The Buttock Lift or ‘Brazilian Butt Lift’:

The "Brazilian butt lift" (also known as ‘fat injections’, ‘fat transfer’, or ‘fat grafting’) usually begins with harvesting fat from the patient's buttocks, abdomen or elsewhere via liposuction. The fat is processed and purified before being re-injected at various locations and depths in the buttocks.

Buttock Implants:

Specially shaped implants are inserted into the buttocks using a small incision on top of the muscles above the sitting area and below the surrounding fascia. Buttock implants are "stronger than breast implants" and are made of an ‘elastomer’ that cannot leak.

How long does the Buttock Augmentation procedure take?

1-3 hours

How long does recovery from Buttock Augmentation take?

Walking will be painful for the first couple of days following the surgery. Patients should be able to resume their normal activities within 3-4 weeks.

What are some of the potential side-effects associated with Buttock Reduction Surgery?

Allergic reaction to anaesthetic; shifting of the implant; bleeding; unwanted scarring; infection; temporary numbness; soreness; stiffness.

What is a Buttock Reduction?

Buttock Reduction surgery reduces the size of the buttocks, usually using liposuction. The buttock reduction procedure is often done in conjunction with the thigh lift procedure, buttock lift, tummy tuck, or liposuction in other areas of the body

How is the Buttock Reduction procedure performed?

Small incisions are made in the crease of buttocks or at the bottom of the lower back. A thin tube is inserted into the buttocks and fat is removed via liposuction.

How long does the Buttock Reduction procedure take?

2-3 hours

How long does recovery from a Buttock Reduction take?

Walking will be painful for the first couple of days following the surgery. Patients should be able to resume normal activities within 3-4 weeks. The final result of the surgery will not be evident for 3-6 months.

What are some of the potential side-effects associated with Buttock Reduction Surgery?

Allergic reaction to anaesthetic; shifting of the implant; bleeding; unwanted scarring; infection; temporary numbness; soreness; stiffness.

What is Calf Augmentation?

Calf Augmentation is a surgical procedure that is done to reshape the calves. Calf implants are best suited for lower leg sculpting, and also can correct muscle imbalance as a result of both physical and congenital defects.

How is Calf Augmentation performed?

The surgeon makes incisions at the back of the knee to create a pocket above the muscle which is large enough to hold the implant. The implant is then positioned. The same procedure is performed on the other leg. The surgeon then stitches the incisions after checking for symmetry between the legs.

How long does Calf Augmentation take?

1 hour

How long does recovery from Calf Augmentation take?

Patients may go back to their daily routines after 1-2 weeks. Patients should avoid exercise for 4-6 weeks after surgery.

What are some of the potential side-effects associated with Calf Augmentation?

Infection; bleeding; implants shifting after surgery.

What is Cheek Augmentation or Cheek Implants?

Cheek Augmentation / Cheek Implants can be used to bring balance to the face by correcting a deficient cheek area. This deficiency might be due to congenital deficiency, age-related bone resorption or trauma.

What does Cheek Augmentation surgery involve?

The method of inserting and positioning the implant will depend on the patient’s preferences, anatomy and the recommendation of the surgeon. When cheek implants are being placed in conjunction with another cosmetic procedure, such as a facelift, forehead lift or eyelid surgery, the implants may be inserted through the incisions made for those procedures. Otherwise, an incision will be made either inside the patient’s upper lip or in the lower eyelid. A pocket is then formed and an implant is inserted.

How long does Cheek Augmentation surgery take?

1.5 hours

How long does recovery from Cheek Augmentation surgery take?

Most patients are able to go back to work after a couple of days. It is advisable not to do anything strenuous for up to 10 days. The average recovery time is between 1-2 weeks.

What are some of the potential side-effects of Cheek Augmentation surgery?

Swelling; bruising.

What is a Chemical Peel?

A Chemical Peel is a process to smooth the texture of the skin by removing the outer layers and encouraging the formation of new skin cells. Chemical peels can be performed with a light, medium, or deep penetration depending on the degree of wrinkling. Chemical peels can also remove precancerous cells, and are sometimes used in acne treatment. A chemical peel does not replace a facelift but can rejuvenate sun damaged skin. Chemical peels are relatively inexpensive and involve very little pain or recovery time compared to surgical procedures.

Light Chemical Peels:

Light peels require little to no recovery and can improve or diminish fine wrinkling, uneven pigmentation, acne, mild sun damage, and rough or dry skin. AHAs (Alphahydroxy acids - glycolic acid, lactic acid, or fruit acid) may be used on a weekly basis over time to achieve the desired results. A light peel may cause some short term redness, irritation, and even mild crusting.

Medium Chemical Peels:

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is normally used for a medium depth peel. Medium peels are used to correct fine wrinkles, blemishes and pigment problems. A medium peel is more effective and requires fewer treatments than a light peel, but is not as long lasting as a deep peel. After a medium peel, patients should stay out of the sun for several months to avoid pigment problems. Medium peels will cause mild scabbing or crusting and some swelling.

Deep Chemical Peels:

Phenol is used for the deepest peels. Deep peels can treat coarse wrinkles, severe skin damage and precancerous growths. Some people’s skin will be lightened by phenol. Deep peels can cause swelling and may require several days of recovery before the patient returns to normal activities. In some patients a deep peel will result in a permanent inability to tan.

What is Chin Augmentation?

Chin Augmentation is a surgical procedure that changes the contours of the chin and face. It can augment a weak chin or balance other facial features, such as prominent ears, cheeks or nose. Chin reduction is a procedure which can address problems such as a receding or prominent chin to leave the face more balanced and better proportioned.

How is Chin Augmentation performed?

Cosmetic surgeons often use implants for chin enlargement. The surgeon makes an incision inside the mouth or below the chin. A specially shaped implant is inserted through the incision, positioned beneath the skin and secured with fine stitches. The implants, designed specifically for use in the chin come in wide shapes and sizes. The implants are custom-trimmed by the surgeon for a natural fit. Chin implants are made from special medical-grade materials that, when positioned and inserted, look and feel like normal bone. Chin implants are often recommended to patients undergoing nose surgery to achieve better facial balance.

How long does Chin Augmentation surgery take?

2-3 hours

What is the recovery time from Chin Reduction / Augmentation surgery?

Most people are able to return to work within a week of surgery. Exercise should be avoided for up to 2 weeks. Heavy facial contact should be avoided for up to 6 weeks.

What are some of the potential side-effects of Chin Augmentation surgery?

Swelling; bruising

What are Collagen Injections?

Collagen injections replenish one of the natural proteins in the patient’s skin, giving it a plumper, smoother appearance. Skin consists of two layers: the epidermis (upper layer) and the dermis (lower layer). The dermis is primarily made up of a protein called collagen. Collagen promotes the growth of cells and blood vessels and provides a support structure for the skin.

Why aren’t creams containing Collagen enough to smooth out wrinkles?

Collagen creams work only on the surface of the skin and cannot penetrate or be absorbed by the skin. Moisturizers cannot undo the cumulative effects of collagen depletion but can slow the rate of water loss from the skin and help keep it supple.

How do Collagen injections work?

Collagen injections replenish the skin’s natural collagen by enhancing its support structure. Bovine-derived or bioengineered human collagen products are injected into the dermis of the skin.

How many Collagen injections are needed?

Collagen replacements will eventually wear down and the treatment may need to be repeated three or four times a year. The required frequency of treatment can be dependent on age, existing skin condition, degree of sun damage and genetics.

Are there any side-effects to Collagen injections?

Bruising; puffiness; redness; tenderness around the treated site.

What is a Thread Lift?

Thread Lifts are less involved procedures than facelifts. Thread lifts cost less and require shorter recovery periods. They are sometimes called a "lunchtime lift" or "weekend facelift" because the procedure can be performed in one hour. Thread lifts are designed to reduce the early signs of aging, and to delay the onset of wrinkles, sagging skin and weak contours. However, they are not as comprehensive as face lifts. The best candidates for thread lifts are patients who have just begun to notice the effects of ageing.

What does a Thread Lift procedure involve?

A Thread Lift involves the insertion of tiny, barbed threads into the facial tissue using a needle. The threads are placed in opposing directions to drooping skin and wrinkles, and are attached to the facial tissue. They enable the skin to lift as the collagen forms around them. The procedure is relatively painless and can often be done without anaesthetic.

How long before the patients sees results from the Thread Lift?

There is a 3-6 week delay from the time of the procedure to being able to see improvements. The collagen needs time to form around the threads. Depending on the degree of skin ageing, the effects of thread lift treatments can last anywhere from 5-10 years.

What is Dermabrasion?

Dermabrasion, or surgical skin planing, is a procedure in which the skin is frozen before a special instrument is used to "sand" the skin. This planing action can improve the contour and smoothness of the skin as a new layer of skin replaces the treated skin.

When is Dermabrasion used?

Dermabrasion can improve acne scars, pox marks, and scars resulting from accidents or disease. It is also used to treat other skin conditions, such as tattoo scars, age spots, wrinkles and lesions.

How does Dermabrasion work?

The affected area is thoroughly cleaned with an antiseptic cleansing agent. The surgeon will then apply a spray to freeze the skin. An instrument with a high-speed abrasive wheel or brush then removes the outer layers of the skin and improves any irregularities in the skin surface.

What happens after Dermabrasion?

The skin may feel as though it has been abraded or sun-burned for up to 10 days. The newly formed ‘pinkish’ skin will develop a normal colour over six to eight weeks.

How long does it take to recover from Dermabrasion?

Most people can resume their normal activities within 1-2 weeks. Patients should avoid unnecessary sunlight for three to six months.

What are some of the potential side-effects and complications associated with Dermabrasion?

Temporary or permanent uneven changes in skin colour; temporary or permanent darkening of the skin (caused by sun exposure following surgery); scarring; infection

What is Ear Pinning?

Ear Pinning or Otoplasty/Pinnaplast involves the reshaping of prominent or protruding ears by ‘pinning’ them to a position closer to the head.

How is Ear Pinning performed?

The surgeon makes an incision behind each ear, removes cartilage, repositions the ears, and then pins them back using either dissolving or standard stitches.

How long does Ear Pinning take?

1-2 hours

How long does recovery from Ear Pinning take?

Patients may go back to their daily routines after a few days. Aches and pains should subside within a few days; however the ears may feel sensitive for a few weeks. The small scar that is left behind each ear will fade over time.

What are some of the potential side-effects associated with Ear Pinning?

Infection; allergic reaction to the anaesthetic; numbness; bleeding; asymmetrical ears

What is eye bag removal or Blepharoplasty?

Excess fat and skin around the eyes and eyelids can cause puffiness and the skin to ‘droop’. Eye bag removal surgery can remove this excess fat and skin and give the patient a more youthful appearance.

How is the Blepharoplasty performed?

The procedure involves removing fat from just below the surface of the skin as well as any loose skin around the eye. The upper and lower lids can be operated on either in one procedure on in separate visits.

How long does Blepharoplasty take?

1 to 3 hours

Upper Eyelid Surgery:

An incision is made in the crease just above the eyelashes. Excess fat and skin is trimmed away and the incisions are closed with either fine stitches or surgical glue. The treatment can be performed under local anaesthetic.

Lower Eyelid Surgery:

Incisions are made close to the eyelashes and excess skin and fat is removed. The incisions are then closed with fine stitches. The treatment is usually performed under general anaesthetic.

How long does recovery take?

Stitches are normally removed 3 to 7 days after surgery. Patients are able to return to work 7 days after the procedure.

What is a Facelift?

A facelift (or Rhytidectomy) is a procedure to remove excess skin from the face. It often involves the tightening of the underlying facial tissue and the repositioning of the skin on the face to give the patient a more youthful appearance.

How long will it take to recover from a Facelift and how long will the results last?

Recovery time is usually 1 week. The results can last for up to 10 years.

What other procedures can I consider to supplement my Facelift?

Patients undertaking facelifts often have other procedures at the same time. These might include necklift; removal of cheek fat; browlift; chemical peel; chin implants; eyelid surgery; liposuction; fat injections.

What are some of the potential side-effects and complications associated with Facelifts?

Bleeding; hematoma; bruising; infection; loss of muscle function or sensation; scarring; loss of hair around the incision site; asymmetry; loss of skin due to tissue death.

What is Female Breast Reduction?

A Female Breast Reduction is a procedure to reduce the size and change the shape of the breasts.

How is a Female Breast Reduction performed?

The surgeon will make a small incision around the nipple before surgically removing breast tissue, skin and fat. The nipple position is changed and the incisions are closed. The incision site is then stitched and bandaged. The procedure can be performed under general anaesthetic either in an outpatient facility or involving an overnight hospital stay.

How long does a Female Breast Reduction procedure take?

3-5 hours

What are some of the potential side-effects and complications associated with a Female Breast Reduction?

Tiredness; some breast pain; scars along the incisions.

What is Gastric Band surgery?

A gastric band procedure involves attaching an adjustable belt or band to the upper part of the stomach. This device creates a small cavity which fills with food when the patient eats. The food then passes slowly through the narrow passage created by the band and into the lower stomach where it can be processed as normal. Surgery is recommended for patients who have been unable to lose weight through diet, exercise and other means.

How long will the Gastric Band procedure take?

30 minutes to 1 hour.

How is the Gastric Band procedure performed?

The physician makes several small incisions in the upper abdomen so he or she can insert devices guided by a camera to secure the band. The band is locked around the top section of the stomach and the incisions are closed with stitches. The diameter of the passage to the stomach determines how quickly food enters the stomach. The band circumference governs this diameter. Surgeons can adjust the band’s circumference by adding or removing fluid by means of an opening or 'port' placed on the chest or below the ribs. The band will be adjusted on a monthly basis for the first few months after the procedure.

How long does recovery from a Gastric Band procedure take?

2-3 weeks

What are some of the potential risks and side-effects of Gastric Band surgery?

Bruising; pain; swelling; the patient may feel or be sick after eating; shortage of nutrients caused by reduced food intake; infection; damage to other organs in the abdomen; the band may slip out of place, leak, or work its way through the stomach wall; gallstones

What is a Gastric Bypass?

A Gastric Bypass is a type of weight loss surgery that works by making the stomach smaller and removing part of the bowel to make the digestive system shorter. The patient can therefore only eat small meals.

How is the Gastric Bypass procedure performed?

The physician uses surgical staples to create a cavity from the upper stomach. The small intestine is then shortened and re-connected to the cavity. Food is then able to bypass part of the digestive system and is therefore less easily absorbed by the body. Gastric bypass can be done using keyhole or open surgery and may take 2-3 hours.

Keyhole surgery:

Several small incisions are made on the abdomen and chest. The surgeon then inserts a telescopic camera so he or she can insert devices guided by the camera to perform the procedure. The incisions are then closed with stitches.

Open surgery:

A single incision is made on the upper abdomen. The surgeon performs the procedure via the open incision. After the procedure, the incision is closed using stitches and staples. The patient will be given antibiotics to protect them against infection during the procedure.

How long does recovery from a Gastric Bypass take?

The stitches are usually removed before the patient leaves hospital. The skin staples are usually taken out 12 to 14 days after surgery. Full recovery can take 3-4 weeks.

What are some of the potential risks and side-effects associated with a Gastric Bypass?

Bruising; pain; swelling; the patient may feel or be sick after eating; wound infection; DVT; accidental organ damage; gallstones.

What causes hair loss?

The most common cause of hair loss in both men and women is genetic; heredity accounts for 95 percent of cases of baldness in the developed world. The remaining five percent of the cases can be due to a number of things including diet, stress, illness, and/or medications.

What is Hair Replacement and who is it suitable for?

Permanent hair loss can be treated by hair replacement procedures, such as micro-grafting, slit grafting, punch grafting, and scalp reduction. These procedures are appropriate for men with male-pattern baldness, some women with thinning hair or a person who has lost some but not all of their hair as a result of burns or other scalp injuries

Who is not a candidate for hair replacement?

Patients with a diffuse hair loss pattern; those who do not have enough hair-bearing areas from which to donate hair-bearing skin; people with severe scars caused by trauma, burning, or radiation injury; those whose hair loss is due to medication.

Grafting is an outpatient procedure in which the surgeon removes a portion of hair-bearing scalp from the back of the head. He or she then cuts the removed scalp into small segments. Each segment is then transplanted to another part of the head to achieve a natural looking thickening of the hair. Up to 1,000 hair-bearing segments can be transplanted. "Donor" sites are closed with stitches and are concealed by the surrounding hair. The scalp is then cleaned and dressed. Stitches are usually removed 10 days later.

How long does the Grafting procedure take?

3-4 sessions may be required. A recovery period of 3-4 months is recommended between procedures.

What are some of the potential side-effects of Grafting?

Swelling; bruising around the eyes; crust may form on the "donor" and "recipient" sites of the scalp; a lack of feeling or decreased sensation around the "donor" and "recipient" sites of the scalp; itching in the "donor" site.

Scalp Reduction:

A scalp reduction is the removal of non-hair-bearing skin from the scalp so that the remaining hair-bearing skin can be stretched to fill in the bald area. Scalp reduction can reduce as much as half of the bald area. It is most effective in covering bald areas on the top and back of the head.

How is Scalp reduction performed?

The scalp is injected with local anaesthetic and a bald segment of scalp is removed. The surrounding skin is loosened and stretched so that the sections of hair-bearing scalp are brought together and closed with stitches. This procedure may also be performed during punch grafting sessions.

What are some of the potential side-effects of Scalp Reduction?

Headaches; mild scalp tightness.

What is Juverderm?

Juvéderm is an injectable filler derived from hyaluronic acid. It smoothes facial wrinkles and folds by restoring the skin’s volume.

What is Hyaluronic Acid?

Hyaluronic acid is found naturally in the body. It lubricates joints and tissues, and is found in the vitreous humor and spinal fluid. Naturally-occurring hyaluronic acid diminishes with age, causing the skin to lose volume and elasticity.

How long will the results of Juvederm last?

The results of Juvéderm treatment may last for up to six months, although some clinical trials have shown results that last up to a year. The effects diminish gradually as the body absorbs the natural hyaluronic acid. The advantage of this and other temporary fillers, such as Restylane, is that the patient can have touch ups or re-treatment at any time.

How is Juvederm administered?

Administering Juvéderm injections take between 15 and 30 minutes. Topical numbing cream may be applied to the area. Juvéderm is then injected under the skin in precise areas.

What are some of the potential side-effects associated with Juvederm?

Minor swelling; some pain; redness.

What is Labiaplasty?

Labiaplasty reshapes the labia minora (the skin covering the clitoris and vagina). The procedure is appropriate for women who have large labia and who may experience pain during intercourse and discomfort in their everyday life.

How is Labiaplasty performed?

The procedure is performed under local or general anaesthetic. The labia minora and the inner lips of the vulva are reshaped surgically.

How long does the Labiaplasty procedure take?

1 hour

How long does recovery from Labiaplasty take?

Patients may return to work after one week. Patients should avoid strenuous exercise and intercourse for 4-6 weeks after surgery.

What are some of the potential side-effects associated with Labiaplasty?

Infection; bleeding; scarring.

What is Laser Hair Removal?

Laser hair removal uses light from a laser to remove unwanted hair. It works by passing a light beam through the skin so that it can target a substance called melanin, which is found in hair. When the light beam finds the hair follicle, the heat from the laser destroys it instantly. Common treatment locations include legs, armpits, upper lip, chin, and bikini line. However, it is possible to treat unwanted hair in almost any area of the body.

How many Laser Hair Removal treatments are needed?

Laser hair removal slows hair growth, but several treatments are required to provide an extended "hair-free" period.

Will Laser Hair Removal work for everyone?

The effectiveness of laser hair removal is influenced by hair colour and skin type; the treatment is most successful for people with dark hair and light skin.

How long do the effects of Laser Hair Removal last?

Although laser hair removal doesn't guarantee permanent hair removal, it does offer a hair-free period which can vary from several months to many years. With multiple treatments, long-term hair removal is possible.

What are some of the potential side-effects associated with Laser Hair Removal?

Incomplete hair removal; re-growth; darkening of the skin; lightening of the skin; blistering and scarring; changes in the skin texture; hair changes.

What is Laser Skin Resurfacing?

Laser Skin Resurfacing reduces facial wrinkles and can treat blemishes or scars. A laser directs pulsating beams of light at irregular skin and removes skin layer by layer. The procedure is also known as lasabrasion, laser peel, or laser vaporization.

How does laser skin resurfacing work?

There are two types of lasers that can be used in laser resurfacing: Carbon Dioxide and Erbium.

CO 2 laser resurfacing:

CO 2 lasers use pulsed light energy to remove thin layers of skin. It is used to treat wrinkles and scars as well as other benign skin growths such as warts and birthmarks. The process causes minimal damage to the surrounding tissue. Patients should allow two weeks to recover from CO2 resurfacing.

Erbium laser resurfacing:

Erbium laser resurfacing removes superficial and deep lines and wrinkles on the face. The Ebrium laser can be used on the hands, neck, or chest. This laser causes minimal swelling, bruising and redness, and patients usually recover within one week.

How are Laser Skin Resurfacing procedures performed?

Both erbium and CO 2 laser resurfacing are outpatient procedures that involve local anaesthetic and sedative medications. Wrinkles around the eyes, mouth, or forehead can be treated in procedures lasting 45 minutes. Patients can also elect to have full-face laserabrasion under general anaesthetic. This procedure takes 1-1/2 to 2 hours.

What are some of the potential side-effects and complications associated with Laser Skin Resurfacing?

Milia (small white bumps); hyperpigmentation; cold sore; swelling; scarring.

What is Laser Tattoo Removal?

High intensity light beams in lasers are used to break up the pigment in tattoos and gradually cause them to fade.

How many visits will the Laser Tattoo Removal process take?

Five or six visits may suffice but many more might be necessary. The effectiveness of the treatment depends on the age, size, and type of tattoo, the patient's skin colour, as well as the depth of the pigment.

How is the Laser Tattoo Removal procedure performed?

High intensity pulses are emitted from a laser and directed at the tattoo making it progressively lighter. The treatment is usually done without anaesthetic. Following treatment, an ice pack is applied to soothe the treatment site and topical antibiotic cream or ointment is applied before bandaging.

What are some of the possible side-effects associated with Laser Tattoo Removal?

Infection; incomplete pigment removal; scarring; hypopigmentation (the treated skin is paler than surrounding skin); hyperpigmentation (where the treated skin is darker than surrounding skin).

What is Lip Augmentation?

Lip Augmentation involves using injections and implants to improve the appearance of the lips. The methods used may also reduce fine lines and wrinkles around the lips. The most popular injections and implants are listed below:

Injectable fillers:

These are administered on an outpatient basis under local anaesthetic. The following are popular injectable fillers: Artecoll; Autologen; Bovine Collagen; Dermalogen; HylaForm; Restylane; Juvederm

Implants and surgeries:

Implant surgery can take up to two hours at a surgeon's clinic or outpatient centre. The following are popular surgeries: Alloderm; Fascia; Fat Injection; Fat grafting; Gore-Tex, SoftForm and soft ePTFE; Local flap grafts

What is Liposuction?

Liposuction involves the break down and removal of fat from the human body using suction (and usually fluids). Liposuction can be performed on the abdomen, hips, thighs, knees, ankles, arms, neck and back but the amount of fat that can be safely removed from the body is limited. It is not a treatment for weight control or obesity, nor can it remove cellulite or stretch marks. The body will not replace fat cells, so the results of the procedure can be long-lasting.

How long does the Liposuction procedure take?

Up to two hours.

How is Liposuction performed?

There are several different techniques. These include wet liposuction, dry liposuction and ultrasound liposuction.

Wet liposuction:

A mixture containing a saline solution, local anaesthetic and adrenaline is injected into the area being treated. These fluids help reduce bleeding, bruising and swelling. The surgeon will then make an incision in the skin, insert a metal tube and attach this to a vacuum pump or a syringe. The surgeon will move the tube in a random motion to break up the fat so it can be sucked out. The incisions are then closed with dissolvable stitches. Multiple incisions may be required for larger fat deposits.

Dry liposuction:

This procedure is not commonly used. It involves the same process as Wet Liposuction but without the fluid injection.

Ultrasound liposuction:

Ultrasound may be used to break up the fat before it is removed. This is required if that fat is very hard or abundant.

How long does recovery from Liposuction take?

It may take several months for swelling to subside and before the patient sees a significant change to their body shape.

What are some of the risks and side-effects associated wth Liposuction?

Bruising; swelling; scars; swollen ankles; fluid under the skin; pulmonary embolism; numbness; damage to internal organs; disruption of the fluid balance of the body due to fluid being injected and sucked out; unusual red or raised scars

What is Male Breast Reduction of Gynaecomastia surgery?

Gynaecomastia is an enlargement of the male breast due to an abnormal increase in glandular tissue. It affects an estimated 40-60% of men. Male breast reduction surgery can address this problem.

What does the Male Breast Reduction procedure involve?

Liposuction is used to remove the fatty tissue under a general anaesthetic. The surgeon makes small incisions around the nipple and at other sites in the chest. A metal tube is used to suck out the fatty tissue and glandular tissue is removed through the incisions. The incisions are then stitched to give a flatter, firmer and well contoured chest.

How long does the Male Breast Reduction procedure take?

1- 3 hours

How long does recovery from Male Breast Reduction surgery take?

Most patients can resume normal activity, including exercise, in 4-5 weeks.

What are some of the potential side-effects and risks associated with Male Breast Reduction?

Bruising; swelling; scars; swollen ankles; fluid under the skin; pulmonary embolism; numbness; damage to internal organs; disruption of the fluid balance of the body; very red or raised scars.

What is Mini Liposuction?

Mini Liposuction is a less involved modification of liposuction. It is performed on small areas of excess fat for patients who are close to their ideal weight. Common treatment areas include the knees, the upper part of the chest close to the armpit, under the chin, and behind the elbows.

How is Mini Liposuction performed?

The surgeon will inject lypolytic fluid into the fatty area before removing excess fat with a syringe and a small metal tube. The procedure is done under local anaesthetic.

How long does it take to recover from Mini Liposuction?

Most patients are able to return to work within a day.

What are some of the potential side-effects of Mini Liposuction?

Bruising; bleeding; swelling.

What is a Necklift?

A Necklift is a surgical procedure that tightens the skin around the neck and reduces wrinkling and skin folding.

How is the Necklift procedure performed?

An incision is made under the chin and in front of and/or behind the ears to allow access to the fat and muscle in the neck. Excess fat can be removed with liposuction or surgically. Excess skin is removed through the incisions near the ears and the skin is re-draped over the neck. The incisions are closed with stitches.

How long will the Necklift procedure take?

2-3 hours

How long will recovery from a Necklift take and how long will the results last?

Recovery time is usually 1-2 weeks. The results last for up to 10 years.

What are some of the potential side-effects associated with a Necklift?

Swelling; bruising; tightness or tingling; areas numbness.

What is a Non-surgical Rhinoplasty?

A non-surgical Rhinoplasty involves using injectable fillers to change the shape of the nose. The procedure takes less than an hour and does not require anaesthetic.

How does traditional Rhinoplasty compare to Non-surgical Rhinoplasty?

Non-surgical rhinoplasty has the following advantages; it avoids the risks of surgery; it has little impact on breathing; it is more precise than surgery; it requires no anaesthetic; it has fewer side-effects; it can be temporary or lasting; there is no long term scarring; patients can return to work on the same day as the procedure; the results are immediate.

What is Non-surgical Chin Enhancement?

Fillers are injected into specific areas of the chin to build it up and enhance its shape.

How long does the procedure take?

The procedure requires one or two 15-minute sessions, which take place about three weeks apart.

How does traditional Chin Enhancement compare to Non-surgical Chin Enhancement?

Non-surgical chin enhancement has the following advantages: it avoids the basic risks of surgery; there is no risk of movement of a solid implant; there is a lower risk of infection; side-effects are limited to swelling, bruising and tenderness.

What is non-surgical Blepharoplasty?

A variety of different fillers are injected into specific areas around and under the eyes to remove shadows and protrusions.

How long will the results last?

1-5 years

What are some of the potential side-effects of Blepharoplasty?

Minor bruising is common but will subside within a few days.

What is Rhinoplasty?

A Rhinoplasty or ‘nose job’ can change the size and shape of the nose for cosmetic reasons, or after an injury.

How is the Rhinoplasty procedure performed?

The principal types of Rhinoplasty are reduction rhinoplasty and augmentation rhinoplasty

Reduction Rhinoplasty:

Incisions are made inside the nostrils. The surgeon will remove or rearrange the bone and cartilage to achieve the desired shape. The skin over the nose is not treated and will adapt to the new shape. It may be necessary to make the nostrils smaller by making incisions in the nostril skin.

Augmentation Rhinoplasty:

An incision is made inside or between the nostrils and the bone and cartilage is re-shaped. The patient may need extra bone or cartilage to build up the nose. The cartilage may be taken from the ears. If bone is used, it may be taken from the back of the elbow, a rib, the skull or the hip bone. Artificial implants can be used instead. The incisions are closed with dissolvable stitches.

How long does the Rhinoplasty procedure take?

60 to 90 minutes.

How long does recovery from a Rhinoplasty take?

Dissolvable stitches will disappear within seven to ten days. It will take several months before the nose settles into its new shape. Patients can usually resume their day to day lives a few days after surgery.

What are some of the risks and side-effects associated with Rhinoplasty?

Soreness; swelling; bruising; stiffness and numbness; inability to breathe through the nose; chest or nose infection; heavy nose bleed up to a week to 10 days following the procedure; temporary loss or reduction in sensitivity to smell; changes in the shape of the nose as scar tissue matures; damage to septum

What are Pectoral Implants?

Pectoral implants can define, enhance and shape the chests of men who cannot achieve desired results through exercise.

How is the Pectoral Implants procedure performed?

A small incision is made in the armpit so that an implant can be inserted endoscopically (using a tube with a small camera attached) under the pectoral muscle. This method minimizes the size of the incision and reduces bleeding. The incisions are then stitched and the implants are held in place by the overlying chest muscle or by the stitches that may be temporarily visible through the skin. Non-endoscopic methods can also be used.

How long does the procedure take?

1-2 hours

How long does it take to recover?

Full recovery can take as long as six weeks. However, most patients are able to resume their day to day activities within a month.

What are some of the potential side-effects and risks associated with Pectoral Implants?

Soreness; increased sensitivity in the nipple region; bruising; swelling; scarring; sagging of the implants in the breast; symmastia (the implants trend toward the middle of the chest); rupture; deflation; fluid around the implant.

What is SmartLipo?

Smart Lipo fat treatment is a method for removing localized pockets of fat with a laser. The technique involves the use of a laser to dissolve fat and tighten the surrounding skin. It can be applied to a variety of parts of the body. SmartLipo is an outpatient and does not require the use of a general anaesthetic.

Which areas is Smart Lipo useful for?

SmartLipo is effective I treating localized pockets of fat in the following areas: waist; chin; inner and outer thighs; hips; buttocks; upper arms; face (except around the eyes); male breasts; neck; pubic mound.

How much fat can be removed each time with Smart Lipo?

As much as 3.5 litres of fat can be removed at a single session.

Who is not a candidate for SmartLipo?

SmartLipo is not advisable for individuals with: diabetes; liver; problems; blood disorders; kidney problems; heart problems; skin disorders

Is the fat removal permanent?

The fat removal is semi-permanent. If the individual gains weight, the fat will come back in areas that were and were not laser-treated. There is no treatment that can permanently remove all fat cells.

How is SmartLipo done?

SmartLipo is an outpatient procedure and can be done under local anaesthetic. A hand-held laser is held close to the skin and causes the fat cells to break up. The fluid released from the fat cells is drained naturally by the body's lymphatic system. The laser also causes small blood vessels to coagulate on contact which minimises bleeding and swelling. A SmartLipo session takes about 30-45 mins.

How long does recovery from SmartLipo take?

Bruising disappears in 2-3 days and patients are able to resume their normal activities within 24 hours.

When are results visible?

Shortly after the procedure, the treated area will appear tighter and more compact. Within 8 weeks, the skin and surrounding area will remodel to fit the body’s new shape.

How many sessions can one have?

1-3 sessions separated by 3-6 month intervals are generally more than adequate for most people.

Can SmartLipo be used with liposuction?

Yes

What is a Tummy Tuck?

Tummy tuck surgery (or Abdominoplasty) can produce a flatter stomach and minimise stretch marks on the abdomen. The procedure can remove skin left behind following weight loss, and tighten skin and muscles that were stretched during pregnancy (the procedure is appropriate for women who do not plan on becoming pregnant again).

How long does the Tummy Tuck procedure take?

2-3 hours.

How is a Tummy Tuck performed?

There are three types of tummy tuck depending on how much skin and fat the patient wants removed – the standard tummy tuck, the mini tummy tuck and the extended tummy tuck.

Standard tummy tuck:

Incisions are made in the abdomen and the belly button is cut from the surrounding area. Muscles which may have been stretched or torn are pulled together and stitched in place. Excess fat is removed, the skin is tightened and excess skin is removed. The belly button is repositioned, the incisions are stitched and the abdomen is bandaged.

Mini tummy tuck:

The skin and fat below the belly button is removed leaving a scar along the bikini line.

Extended tummy tuck:

Excess skin and fat from the abdomen and back is removed. The procedure will leave scars around the belly button and along the bikini line and back.

How long does recovery from a Tummy Tuck take?

Most people can return to work after two to four weeks. Patients should avoid vigorous activity for at least six weeks.

What are some of the potential risks and side-effects associated with a Tummy Tuck?

Bruising; swelling; scarring; infection; bleeding under the skin; numbness; damage to internal organs; unusually red or raised scars.

What is Vaginoplasty?

Vaginal Rejuvenation (Vaginoplasty) tones the vaginal muscle, resulting in greater strength and muscle control.

How is Vaginoplasty performed?

The muscle in the vagina is fused and shortened with dissolvable stitches. Unwanted skin is removed and the vaginal muscles and the surrounding soft tissue are tightened. The result is an immediate decrease in the size of vaginal muscles, resulting in more friction during sexual intercourse. The procedure can be performed either under general or local anaesthetic and may require an overnight stay.

How long does Vaginoplasty take?

1 hour

How long does recovery from a Vaginoplasty take?

The patient may resume normal activities after a few days and normal sexual activity within a month or so.

What are some of the potential side-effects associated with Vaginoplasty?

Infection; bleeding.

What is a Bridge?

A bridge consists of artificial teeth which are permanently fixed to adjacent teeth. Bridges are used to replace missing teeth and can be made from either porcelain, metal or both. Some bridges can be directly bonded to the teeth.

How is the Bridge procedure performed?

The dentist will X-ray the mouth before trimming the supporting teeth. He or she will then make impressions of the prepared teeth and the teeth of the opposite jaw. These impressions are used in the manufacture of the permanent bridge in the laboratory. A temporary bridge or crown may be inserted to protect the prepared teeth between visits and before the permanent bridge is cemented in place.

What is a Crown?

A crown is an artificial cover made of porcelain, metal or a combination of both. Crowns may be used to restore cracked, heavily filled or worn teeth.

How is a Crown fitted?

The dentist will X-ray the mouth before trimming away a thin layer from the tooth’s surface. He or she will make impressions of the prepared tooth and the teeth of the opposite jaw. These are sent to the laboratory where a permanent crown is constructed. A temporary crown may be fitted to protect the prepared tooth before the permanent crown is cemented in place.

What are Dental Implants?

Dental implants are titanium replacements of tooth roots which provide a strong foundation for the attachment of replacement teeth.

What are the advantages of Dental Implants over Dentures?

• Appearance: Implants look and feel like a patient’s own teeth.
• Permanency: Implants fuse with bone and become permanent.
• Improved speech: Implants enable the patient to speak more clearly than they might be able to wearing dentures.
• Comfort: Implants become permanent and do not cause the discomfort of removable dentures.
• Easier eating: Implants function like natural teeth enabling patients to eat without pain.
• Improved self-esteem and smile
• Improved oral health: Implants enable easier access between the teeth for cleaning.
• Durability: Implants can last a lifetime.
• Convenience: Implants eliminate the inconvenience of removing dentures.

Can anyone get Dental Implants?

In general, anyone healthy enough to undergo a routine oral surgery can be considered for implants. Patients should have healthy gums, good oral hygiene and enough bone to hold the implant. Heavy smokers, people suffering from uncontrolled chronic disorders (e.g. diabetes or heart disease), or patients who have had radiation therapy to the head/neck area will need to be evaluated before surgery.

What is involved in getting a Dental Implant?

A titanium post is inserted into the bone socket of the missing tooth. As the jawbone heals, it grows around the titanium post, anchoring it in place over a 6 to 12 week period. Once the implant has been anchored, a connector post (an abutment) is attached to the post to securely hold a replacement tooth. The replacement tooth, called a crown, is then made using impressions the dentist makes of the mouth and bite. The dentist will match the colour of the new tooth to the patient’s natural teeth. The crown is attached to the abutment to deliver the feeling, functionality and appearance of a real tooth.

What are Dentures?

Dentures are removable replacements for missing teeth. Partial dentures replace only some teeth and are usually made of a metal framework with artificial teeth attached. Complete dentures replace all of the teeth and usually have an acrylic plate supporting the artificial teeth.

What is involved in getting Dentures?

The dentist will X-ray the mouth before making impressions of the prepared teeth and the teeth of the opposite jaw. These are sent to the laboratory where the dentures are constructed The dentist will use wax dentures to ensure that the bite and appearance is correct before fitting and fine tuning the denture.

What is a Root Canal treatment or root filling?

A ‘root filling’ is a filling of the root canal of the tooth. A root filling may be necessary if the nerve inside the tooth dies as a result of dental injury or tooth decay.

What is involved in getting a Root Canal?

The dentist will take an X-ray to decide whether the tooth can be saved. Local anaesthetic is used to numb the tooth before the inside of the root is filed to clean out the root canal. The canal is dressed with antiseptic before another X-ray is taken to measure the root’s length. The root canal is dressed and checked for infection over the course of 2 or 3 visits before the dentist fills the root.

Does Teeth Whitening work?

Yes. Most people who opt for this treatment will see moderate to substantial improvement in the brightness and whiteness of their smile. Teeth whitening is not a permanent solution and needs to be repeated over time.

What’s the difference between bleaching and whitening?

According to the FDA of the United States, the term "bleaching" can be used when the teeth are whitened beyond their natural colour. This applies strictly to products that contain bleach (typically hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide). The term "whitening" refers to restoring a tooth’s surface colour by removing dirt and debris. “Whitening” is the more commonly used term, even when describing products that contain bleach.

What Whitening options are available today?

Three major teeth whitening options are available today. All three rely on varying concentrations of peroxide and varying application times. These are ‘in-surgery whitening’, ‘professionally dispensed take-home whitening kits’ and ‘over the counter whitening’.

In-Surgery Whitening:

This treatment involves the carefully controlled use of a relatively high-concentration peroxide gel which is applied to the teeth. The gums have been protected with a paint-on rubber dam. The peroxide remains on the teeth for three or four 15 to 20 minute sessions.

Professionally Dispensed Take-Home Whitening Kits:

Many dentists believe that these kits produce the best results over the long haul. Take-Home kits incorporate a lower-concentration peroxide gel that remains on the teeth for an hour or longer. The gel is applied to the teeth using custom-made bleaching trays that resemble mouth guards.

Over-the-Counter Whitening:

OTC whitening is the cheapest and most convenient of the teeth whitening options. This treatment involves the use of a store-bought whitening kit which contains a bleaching gel with a concentration lower than that of the professionally dispensed take-home whiteners. The gel is applied to the teeth via one-size-fits-all trays, whitening strips or paint-on applicators.

What is a Veneer?

A veneer is a porcelain tooth cover used to disguise discoloured teeth or gaps between widely spaced teeth.

How are Veneers fitted?

The dentist will take X-rays to assess the health of the mouth. A very thin layer of tooth is then trimmed away from the front surface and tip of the tooth. The dentist will take impressions of the lower and upper teeth and send these to the laboratory where a veneer is constructed. The new veneer will be checked for colour and fit before being permanently bonded to the prepared surface. The bond sets immediately and excess cement is trimmed away.

Why is it necessary to remove wisdom teeth?

Wisdom teeth are the last teeth to emerge. They can sometimes grow into space which not big enough to accommodate them, or come through at the wrong angle. In either event, the wisdom teeth will need to be removed.

How are wisdom teeth removed?

The dentist will numb the wisdom tooth area with local anaesthetic. It may be necessary to make a small incision in the gum. The patient may experience a sensation of pressure, but should not feel pain. The dentist will then ‘pull’ the tooth to remove it. The actual extraction may take from several seconds to 20 minutes.

What is a Cataract?

A cataract forms when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy and causes vision to deteriorate. This phenomenon is a natural part of the aging process.

What does Cataract surgery involve?

The surgeon removes the clouded natural lens and replaces it with an artificial, intraocular lens (IOL). The procedure is done on an outpatient basis and lasts between 15 and 30 minutes. Patients can usually return to their normal activities the following day.

How is the procedure done?

The surgeon will make a small incision at or near the cornea and insert an instrument about the size of a pen tip to break up and remove the cloudy lens. Once the natural lens is removed, the IOL is inserted through the same incision and set into its permanent position. The surgeon may choose one of three options for removing the cataract: Phacoemulsification, Extracapsular surgery, Intracapsular surgery.

Phacoemulsification

Phacoemulsification is the most advanced and most commonly used of the cataract procedures. It requires only a very small incision on the side of the cornea. Stitches are rarely needed and the procedure has a 97%+ success rate.

Extracapsular surgery

Extracapsular surgery is used for very dense or rigid IOLs. It requires a larger incision and stitches are needed. The eye takes longer to heal but the procedure is usually effective.

Intracapsular surgery

Intracapsular surgery is the earliest cataract surgery and involves the removal of the lens and the capsule. Intracapsular surgery is hardly ever performed and is generally reserved for cases in which the lens has dislocated because of injury or disease.

What is EPI-Lasek?

Epi-Lasek involves lasering the surface of the cornea under the epithelium to correct defective vision.

How is EPI-Lasek performed?

The surgeon applies anaesthetic eye drops and uses a small 'clip' to keep the eyelid open. The thin, protective outer layer of cells (epithelium) is softened with alcohol and folded aside. The patient then stares at a target light whilst a laser beam is applied to the cornea for about 30 seconds. A special tracker locks onto the iris and the laser follows the eye if the patient moves. The epithelium is then pushed back into place. The treatment takes approximately 15 minutes.

What are some of the potential complications of EPI-Lasek surgery?

'Dry eyes' is the most common complication of the surgery; long healing period; pain; glare; halos; starburst aberrations; under- or over-correction; recurrence of myopia; corneal haze; scarring; reduced best corrected visual acuity; reduced acuity in low light.

This treatment involves the insertion of a small lens into the eye. It is anchored in front of the crystalline lens behind the pupil of the eye, and functions like a traditional contact lens. The lens is left in the eye indefinitely and cannot be seen or felt by the patient. This method allows the eye to continue focusing naturally while safely adjusting the patient's refractive error. The lens can be removed at any time. Results are apparent immediately and the recovery period is short.

What is Intralase LASIK?

IntraLASIK is a form of refractive eye surgery similar to LASIK. The difference between LASIK and IntraLASIK is the method by which the LASIK flap is created. The term IntraLASIK is derived from IntraLase, the name of the first manufacturer to win FDA approval to use a femtosecond laser, and the surgical procedure 'LASIK'.

What is LASEK/PRK?

Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK) and Laser-Assisted Sub-Epithelial Keratectomy (or Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis) (LASEK) are vision correcting laser eye surgery procedures. LASEK and PRK permanently change the shape of the anterior central cornea using an excimer laser to remove a tissue from the corneal stroma at the front of the eye. A computer system is used to track the patient's eye position enabling the laser to automatically center on the patient's visual axis. The laser will pause if the eye moves out of range.

What are some of the potential complications of LASEK/PRK surgery?

'Dry eyes' is the most common complication of the surgery; long healing period; pain; glare; halos; starburst aberrations; under- or over-correction; recurrence of myopia; corneal haze; scarring; reduced best corrected visual acuity; reduced acuity in low light.

What is Lasik?

LASIK or Lasik (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis) is a type of refractive laser eye surgery used in correcting myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism.

How is Lasik performed?

The procedure is performed in three steps:

Step 1 - Flap creation:

A corneal suction ring is applied to the eye to hold it in place so a flap can be created. This process is achieved with a mechanical microkeratome using a metal blade, or a femtosecond laser microkeratome (IntraLASIK). A hinge is left at one end of this flap. The flap is folded back, revealing the stroma, the middle section of the cornea.

Step 2 - Laser remodeling:

The corneal stroma is remodeled using an excimer laser. The laser vaporizes tissue without damaging the adjacent stroma. No heat burning or actual cutting is required to ablate the tissue. During this, the patient will be able to see only white light surrounding the light of the laser, which can lead to mild disorientation.

Step 3 - Repositioning of flap:

After the laser has reshaped the stromal layer, the LASIK flap is repositioned. The treatment area is then checked for the presence of air bubbles and debris. The flap remains in position by natural adhesion until healing is completed.

What are the some of the potential complications of Lasik surgery?

'Dry eyes' is the most common complication of the surgery; long healing period; pain; glare; halos; starburst aberrations; under- or over-correction; recurrence of myopia; corneal haze; scarring; reduced best corrected visual acuity; reduced acuity in low light.

Phakic IOL implants are an effective option for patients with severe myopia. Phakic lens surgery is similar to the implantable contact lens procedure in that an additional artificial lens is implanted in the eye to correct the refractive error. The results are immediate; the natural focusing ability of the eye remains and the procedure is fully reversible.

This procedure is similar to cataract surgery. In cataract surgery the new lens is often similar to the existing one. In refractive lens procedures, the new lens is designed to compensate for the patient’s spectacle or contact lens prescription.

Wavefront laser vision correction is an advanced form of excimer laser technology. Wavefront technology can measure and correct the unique imperfections of each individual’s vision. The procedure can result in superior vision to that obtainable with spectacles or contact lenses. This technology was originally developed for use in high powered telescopes to reduce distortions when viewing distant objects in space.

What is IVF?

When conception occurs naturally, an egg is delivered to the fallopian tube during the menstrual cycle. The egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube before dividing and becoming an early embryo. After a few days, the embryo implants in the uterus and continues to grow. IVF uses injections to stimulate the ovaries into generating multiple eggs. The development of these eggs is monitored with blood tests and ultrasound. Once the eggs are mature, they are removed from the ovary, put into a petri dish and exposed to the male sperm. The eggs are examined the next day to see if they have been fertilized by the sperm. If they have been fertilized, the eggs are left in the petri dish for several days during which time they divide and become early embryos. After a number of days in the petri dish, the embryos are placed in the woman's uterus where they continue to develop.

What are some of the IVF procedures that are available?

Fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): ICSI is used in cases where insufficient sperm are available or when the sperm is of low quality. In the most severe cases, sperm can be surgically obtained from the testes.

Embryo cryopreservation:

Surplus embryos not transferred to the uterus may be frozen for future use.

Assisted hatching:

For an embryo to implant in the uterus it must ‘hatch’ or break through the zona pellucida, a thin "shell" surrounding the embryo. Hatching can be ‘assisted’ by making a tiny opening in the zona pellucida prior to transferring the embryo to the uterus. The procedure can be appropriate for older women and for patients who have experienced previous failed IVF cycles.

Co-culture:

In a ‘co-culture’ procedure, embryos are helped to grow on a layer of special cells in a culture dish. The substances produced by these cells can help embryos divide and increase the probability of successful embryo implantation. This procedure can be appropriate for patients who have experienced IVF failures, older patients, and for patients with poor quality embryos.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD):

PGD involves removing cells from the developing embryo, screening them for chromosome content, and transferring normal cells to the uterus. This technique can reduce the risk of offspring being affected by genetic disorders.

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation:

Freezing eggs and ovarian tissue.

What is an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear?

The ACL is one of the four stabilizing ligaments around the knee. The ACL is sometimes injured during sporting activities such as football, rugby or skiing, and cannot heal by itself. Patients can rely on the other three ligaments for stability if the ACL is damaged. However, an ACL reconstruction can greatly enhance the stability of the joint.

What is an ACL reconstruction?

The options for ACL reconstruction are:

1. Using the middle section of the patellar tendon (the tendon connecting the patella to the tibia) to fashion a new ligament and graft it in place in the knee. Bone from the patella and tibia is also taken so that the attachments of the tendon to the bone are not disturbed. This enables 'bone to bone’ bonding when the tendon is grafted to the knee.
2. Using a section of the hamstring tendon to fashion a new ligament and graft it in place in the knee.
3. Donor tissue grafts. Using the patellar tendon of a cadevar

What are some of the risks and complications associated with ACL surgery?

Failure of the graft; loosening of the graft; the graft does not provide sufficient stabilization of the knee following surgery; infection (especially for patients who receive a donor graft)

What is a Coronary Angioplasty?

The coronary arteries, which deliver oxygen-rich blood to the heart, can sometimes become narrow as fatty material builds up. This phenomenon can cause chest pain and lead to a heart attack if narrowing persists. A Coronary Angioplasty can widen the narrowed arteries so that blood can flow more easily to the heart. The procedure is also known as Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI).

What does an Angioplasty procedure involve?

The surgeon will insert a catheter through an incision to the arm, groin or wrist. He or she will then inject a dye into the blood vessels and use X-ray images to direct the catheter to the narrowed artery. The surgeon will then insert a very thin wire tipped with a deflated balloon into the catheter. When the balloon reaches the narrowed section of artery, it will be inflated to compress the fatty deposit. The balloon will then be deflated and removed from the widened artery. A stent can be used to support the artery after the balloon has been removed. During the procedure, the stent is opened when the balloon is inflated. Some stents are coated with a medicine that reduces the risk of the artery narrowing again.

How long does the Angioplasty procedure take?

An angioplasty usually takes less than one hour and requires one night in hospital.

How long does it take to recover from an Angioplasty?

Patients should rest for a week after the procedure and avoid driving. Patients who drive buses and trucks should avoid driving for 4-6 weeks.

What are some of the potential side-effects associated with Angioplasty?

Chest pain while the balloon is being inflated; bruising where the catheter was inserted; an unexpected reaction to anaesthetic; excessive bleeding or development of a blood clot; the arteries re-narrowing; an allergic reaction to the dye; the coronary artery may become completely blocked during or soon after the procedure; the catheter can dislodge a clot of blood or fatty plaque from the wall of a blood vessel causing a heart attack or stroke.

What is a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft ?

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery (CABG), also known as Coronary Bypass, Heart Bypass or Bypass Surgery, is a surgical procedure to relieve angina (chest pain) and reduce the risk of death from coronary artery disease.

What are the alternatives to CABG?

The patient may be offered a Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) to compress the material blocking the artery.

What does a CABG involve?

The surgeon will remove and prepare blood vessels from the leg or arm to use as grafts. The surgeon will then make an incision down the middle of the breastbone and will open the ribcage to reach the heart. The grafts may be attached while the heart is beating, but it is more common to temporarily stop the heart. Blood is then diverted to a heart-lung bypass machine which adds oxygen to the blood and maintains the circulation. The grafts are then attached, the heart restarted, and the sternum rejoined using wires. The chest skin will be stitched closed. The procedure can also be done using keyhole surgery performed through very small incisions.

How long does the CABG procedure take?

The procedure takes around three hours, but may take longer depending on how many grafts need to be done.

How long does it take to recover from a CABG?

The sternum takes about six weeks to heal but a full recovery can take two to three months.

What are the potential side-effects and complications associated with a CABG?

Discomfort and swelling around the wound areas; permanent scars on the chest and in the area from where the graft is taken; poor memory and concentration for a few weeks; unexpected reaction to the anaesthetic; excessive bleeding or developing a blood clot; heart attack; stroke.

Why have Heart Valve Surgery?

Heart valves promote blood flow through the heart and enable it to pump efficiently. Surgery can treat heart valves that are diseased and may prevent permanent damage to the heart.

What does Heart Valve Surgery involve?

The surgeon will make an incision down the middle of the breastbone and open the ribcage. The heart is temporarily stopped and the blood re-routed to a heart-lung bypass machine. This machine adds oxygen to the blood and maintains circulation. The diseased valve can then be replaced or repaired. There are two types of replacement:

1. Mechanical valves are made of carbon fibre and are extremely durable, usually lasting a lifetime.
2. Biological valves are made from human or animal tissue (usually pig) and can last for up to 15 years

Valve repair is most commonly used to repair valves that are not seriously damaged. The procedure can also be done using keyhole surgery performed through very small incisions.

How long does recovery from Heart Valve Surgery?

The sternum, or breastbone, takes about six weeks to heal.

What are some of the potential side-effects and complications associated with Heart Valve surgery?

Discomfort around the procedure site; a scarred sternum; bleeding during or soon after the procedure; infection; reaction to the anaesthetic; blood clots; the valve may wear out or be damaged; irregular heart beat (arrhythmia); the new valve can become infected and inflamed.

What is a Hip Replacement?

A Hip Replacement involves replacing a hip joint that has been damaged or worn away.

What does a Hip Replacement involve?

The surgeon will make an incision over the hip and thigh and separate the joint’s ‘ball’ and ‘socket’. The top of the thigh bone is removed and an artificial ball-shaped device is inserted into the thigh bone. The hip socket is hollowed out and an artificial socket that fits the artificial section of thigh bone is inserted. The surgeon will close the incision and dress the treatment site.

How long does the Hip Replacement procedure take?

2 hours.

How long does recovery from a Hip Replacement take?

The patient will need to use crutches for about six weeks and can usually return to work after six to eight weeks. The hip will continue to improve for at least six months.

What are some of the potential side-effects and complications associated with Hip Replacement surgery?

Pain; an unexpected reaction to anaesthetic; bleeding or developing a blood clot (DVT); infection of the wound or joint; joint dislocation; difference in leg length; hip fracture.

How long will the artificial hip last?

10 to 15 years.

What is Hip Resurfacing?

Hip Resurfacing involves replacing diseased or damaged hip surfaces with metal implants.

Who should have a Hip Resurfacing procedure?

Hip Resurfacing is appropriate for under-65s who are at a healthy weight. The procedure involves removing less bone than is removed in hip replacement so the procedure can be repeated later.

What does the Hip Resurfacing procedure involve?

The surgeon will make an incision over the hip and thigh and separate the joint. The worn surfaces of the thigh bone and hip socket are removed and the remaining bone is cleaned and covered with metal surfaces. The surgeon will then stitch and dress the treatment site.

How long does the Hip Resurfacing procedure take?

2 hours

How long does recovery from a Hip Resurfacing take?

The patient will need to use crutches for about six weeks and can usually return to work after six to eight weeks. The hip will continue to improve for at least six months.

What are the potential side-effects and complications associated with Hip Resurfacing surgery?

Pain; an unexpected reaction to the anaesthetic; bleeding or developing a blood clot (DVT); infection of the wound or joint; joint dislocation; difference in leg length; hip fracture.

What is a Knee Replacement?

The knee joint may need to be replaced if the cartilage that separates the thigh and the shin has been damaged or worn by arthritis or injury.

What does a Knee Replacement procedure involve?

The surgeon will make an incision along the front of the knee. The kneecap is moved to one side and the worn or damaged surfaces are removed from both the end of the thigh bone, and the top of the shin bone. The surfaces are shaped and an artificial joint is fitted over both bones. The back of the kneecap can be resurfaced (patellar resurfacing). The treatment site is then stitched, dressed and bandaged.

How long does the Knee Replacement procedure take?

2hours

How long does recovery from a Knee Replacement take?

Patients may need to use a walking stick or crutches for up to six weeks and can usually return to work after six to eight weeks.

What are some of the potential side-effects and complications associated with Knee Replacement surgery?

Pain and swelling for up to one year after the procedure; scarring; numbness; bleeding or developing a blood clot (DVT); infection of the wound or joint; knee instability; damage to nerves or blood vessels.

How long will the artificial knee last?

10 to 15 years.